Cystitis is inflammation of the walls of the bladder with an acute or chronic course. It manifests itself with frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common in people of any age and sex, but is more often determined in women, which is associated with the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is a frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic area, the pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, slight filling of the bladder. Urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it looks cloudy, dark, with sediment and has an unpleasant smell. With a favorable outcome, the health condition improves in 4-5 days, in 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a long slow course. The symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute stage.
The reasons
Certain conditions are necessary for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is infectious. The main causes of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through the lymph, blood, damaged bladder wall.
A favorable background for the development of bladder inflammation is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination;
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary way of life;
- wearing clothes that are too tight;
- malnutrition;
- lack of vitamins;
- physical and psycho-emotional overload;
- chronic diseases;
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity;
- surgical interventions of the bladder, prostate gland;
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- impact on the body of radiation, chemical and toxic substances;
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs;
- the presence of foreign bodies: urine diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, a certain role belongs to such diseases and pathological conditions as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta's stricture in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases.
Varieties
Cystitis is classified according to different criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by an inflammatory lesion of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer;
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, medicinal, radiation, allergic);
- by form: primary - arise without structural and functional changes in the excretory system, secondary - develop in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes;
- according to the spread of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnosis
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is assisted by clinical manifestations, results of laboratory and instrumental studies. The main role in the recognition of cystitis, its type, characteristics of the course belongs to the general analysis of urine, urine culture for flora, determination of the level of urine acidity. According to the indications, endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray examination (cystography), overview urography and ultrasound of the bladder is performed.
To confirm/exclude cystitis, CMRT clinic specialists use modern diagnostic methods, such as:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- Ultrasound (ultrasound)
- double-sided scanning
- Computed topography of the spine Diers
- Check-up (full body examination)
- CT
Which doctor should I contact?
The urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms accompanying the disease, a consultation with a gynecologist and other specialists may be necessary.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is chosen by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. In the stage of acute cystitis, to alleviate the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, heat treatments on the bladder area are recommended. To quickly clean the bladder of toxins, bacteria, inflammatory components, it is necessary to increase the drinking regime. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
From the drugs for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract, uroantiseptics, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral drugs are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop the symptoms of inflammation, as prescribed, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the disappearance of the signs of the disease, herbal medicines, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
At the stage of complications, if it is impossible to cure the disease by conservative therapy, surgical removal of the bladder or pathologically changed area is performed by resection, laser exposure, freezing.
Complications
Prerequisites for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible adverse effects include:
- sclerotic deformation of the bladder neck;
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder;
- vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter);
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
The prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional overload;
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections accompanying diseases;
- systematic emptying of the bladder;
- strengthen immunity;
- compliance with the drinking regime.